Programming Forums > Application Development > C++

aznballerlee · Nov 28th, 2006, 7:20 PM

I've read my book, and there's some topics where I feel weak about:

- inline functions
- static members
- this pointer
- copy constructor

I've read some tutorials online, but they use some complicated code, and I'm a beginner programmer, so I can't understand their explanations.

Just wondering, if anyone could summarize (tell me their uses) and give me simple examples of those. That would really help me understand what I'm learning .. especially the this pointer! Thanks!

aznballerlee · Nov 28th, 2006, 7:32 PM

Here was also an example of the this pointer that I didn't understand: (We're transitioning from structs to class)

(Toggle Plain Text)

#include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 
 struct Target
 {
 private:
     int pos;
     string history;
 public:
     void init();
     bool move(char dir);
     void animateHistory()const;
 };
 
 void init (Target *tp)
 {
     tp -> pos = 0;
     tp -> history = "";
 }
 
 bool move (Target* tp, char dir)
 {
     switch (dir)
     {
     default:
         return false;
     case 'L':
         tp -> pos--;
         break;
     case 'R':
         tp -> pos++;
         break;
     }
     tp -> history += dir;
     return true;
 }
 
 void animateHistory (const Target* tp)
 {
     for (int k =0; k != tp -> history.size(); k++)
         cout << tp -> history[k] << endl;
 }
 
 int main()
 {
     Target t;
     t.init();
     t.move('R');
     t.move('R');
     t.animateHistory();
 }

became this:

(Toggle Plain Text)

struct Target
{
private:
  int pos;
  string history;
public:
  void init();
  bool move(char dir);
  void animateHistory()const;
};

void Target::init ()
{
  this -> pos = 0;
  this -> history = "";
 }

bool Target::move (char dir)

{
  switch (dir)
  {
  default:
      return false;
  case 'L':

      this -> pos--;
      break;
  case 'R':
      this -> pos++;
      break;
  }
  this -> history += dir;
  return true;
}
void Target::animateHistory () const
{
  for (int k =0; k != this -> history.size(); k++)
      cout << this -> history[k] << endl;
}
int main()
{
Target t;
t.init();     // &t will be passed as the value of the "this" pointer
t.move('R');  // &t will be passed as the value of the "this" pointer

I don't understand why we had no parameters (for the second code) for some of the public member functions, or rather how Target* tp "disappeared" from each parameter. What is the cause, and why can we do that?

from here (part of 2nd code):

(Toggle Plain Text)

public:
      void init();
      bool move(char dir);
      void animateHistory()const;

DaWei · Nov 28th, 2006, 8:33 PM

Classes may be instantiated multiple times. Non-static variables are replicated for each instance. There is only one copy of methods, on the other hand. What instance to operate on, then? The one pointed to by the this pointer. It is real. It is actually passed, just as any other argument. Because it is always passed, in order to indicate which instance the method is to act on, it is merely not shown (it is implicit). If you were to look at the emitted assembly code, you would see it.

Now, a question for you: what do you see as the difference between classes and structs, since you're making the transition.

What do you want to know about static members and copy constructors?

Incidentally, have you tried looking for explanations via Google? A hit gives you immediate answers. It works well for tutorial material. The kinds of problems you might have with specific code that you write is another story, since it's often a problem specific to you. Forums are great for that.

aznballerlee · Nov 29th, 2006, 1:44 AM

Can someone explain how the 'implicitly pass variables' work in the code that I had? That's the idea I don't understand the most.

Also, in class, we don't use the

(Toggle Plain Text)

this pointer

unless we have pointers? Is that right?

grumpy · Nov 29th, 2006, 6:46 AM

Every time a non-static member function is called, it receives a "this" pointer. You, the programmer, don't have to do that because the compiler takes care of the work of ensuring that. This is said to be an implicitly passed data, because the compiler does it for you, and it is not necessary for your code to explicitly pass data to a member function identifying the object being acted on.

The "this" pointer can be used in any non-static member function, because the compiler always implicitly passes it. For example;

(Toggle Plain Text)

struct X
{
    X();
    void func();
}

void X::func()
{
   // examine the this pointer
}

int main()
{
    X x;
    X y;

    x.func();    // the "this" pointer in func() will be the address of x (&x)
    y.func();    // the "this" pointer in func() will be the address of y (&y)
}

The physical mechanism by which the compiler passes the this pointer is compiler dependent.

bl00dninja · Nov 30th, 2006, 4:08 AM

i talk

you talk

bill talks

we are all objects. you, me, and bill. if for some crazy reason we wanted to know WHO was talking at the time we would simply refer to the "this" pointer.

or if we wanted to do something to the conversationalist. talk is a function, called by an object. when we want to refer to the "caller" of the function, we use "this", b/c oftentimes the caller is not explicitely stated as a function parameter. this way, we always have a way to reach him. "WHO SAID THAT!?!" well..."this" said it.

most handy when overloading operators and such.

if it doesn't make sense, study some more. try examples.

Nov 28th, 2006, 7:20 PM	#1
aznballerlee Hobbyist Programmer Join Date: Nov 2006 Posts: 111 Rep Power: 3	This Pointer I've read my book, and there's some topics where I feel weak about: - inline functions - static members - this pointer - copy constructor I've read some tutorials online, but they use some complicated code, and I'm a beginner programmer, so I can't understand their explanations. Just wondering, if anyone could summarize (tell me their uses) and give me simple examples of those. That would really help me understand what I'm learning .. especially the this pointer! Thanks!

Nov 28th, 2006, 7:32 PM	#2
aznballerlee Hobbyist Programmer Join Date: Nov 2006 Posts: 111 Rep Power: 3	Here was also an example of the this pointer that I didn't understand: (We're transitioning from structs to class) (Toggle Plain Text) #include <iostream> using namespace std; struct Target { private: int pos; string history; public: void init(); bool move(char dir); void animateHistory()const; }; void init (Target tp) { tp -> pos = 0; tp -> history = ""; } bool move (Target tp, char dir) { switch (dir) { default: return false; case 'L': tp -> pos--; break; case 'R': tp -> pos++; break; } tp -> history += dir; return true; } void animateHistory (const Target* tp) { for (int k =0; k != tp -> history.size(); k++) cout << tp -> history[k] << endl; } int main() { Target t; t.init(); t.move('R'); t.move('R'); t.animateHistory(); } #include <iostream> using namespace std; struct Target { private: int pos; string history; public: void init(); bool move(char dir); void animateHistory()const; }; void init (Target tp) { tp -> pos = 0; tp -> history = ""; } bool move (Target tp, char dir) { switch (dir) { default: return false; case 'L': tp -> pos--; break; case 'R': tp -> pos++; break; } tp -> history += dir; return true; } void animateHistory (const Target* tp) { for (int k =0; k != tp -> history.size(); k++) cout << tp -> history[k] << endl; } int main() { Target t; t.init(); t.move('R'); t.move('R'); t.animateHistory(); } became this: (Toggle Plain Text) struct Target { private: int pos; string history; public: void init(); bool move(char dir); void animateHistory()const; }; void Target::init () { this -> pos = 0; this -> history = ""; } bool Target::move (char dir) { switch (dir) { default: return false; case 'L': this -> pos--; break; case 'R': this -> pos++; break; } this -> history += dir; return true; } void Target::animateHistory () const { for (int k =0; k != this -> history.size(); k++) cout << this -> history[k] << endl; } int main() { Target t; t.init(); // &t will be passed as the value of the "this" pointer t.move('R'); // &t will be passed as the value of the "this" pointer struct Target { private: int pos; string history; public: void init(); bool move(char dir); void animateHistory()const; }; void Target::init () { this -> pos = 0; this -> history = ""; } bool Target::move (char dir) { switch (dir) { default: return false; case 'L': this -> pos--; break; case 'R': this -> pos++; break; } this -> history += dir; return true; } void Target::animateHistory () const { for (int k =0; k != this -> history.size(); k++) cout << this -> history[k] << endl; } int main() { Target t; t.init(); // &t will be passed as the value of the "this" pointer t.move('R'); // &t will be passed as the value of the "this" pointer I don't understand why we had no parameters (for the second code) for some of the public member functions, or rather how Target* tp "disappeared" from each parameter. What is the cause, and why can we do that? from here (part of 2nd code): (Toggle Plain Text) public: void init(); bool move(char dir); void animateHistory()const; public: void init(); bool move(char dir); void animateHistory()const;

Nov 28th, 2006, 8:33 PM	#3
DaWei Resident Grouch Join Date: Jun 2005 Posts: 6,453 Rep Power: 10	Classes may be instantiated multiple times. Non-static variables are replicated for each instance. There is only one copy of methods, on the other hand. What instance to operate on, then? The one pointed to by the this pointer. It is real. It is actually passed, just as any other argument. Because it is always passed, in order to indicate which instance the method is to act on, it is merely not shown (it is implicit). If you were to look at the emitted assembly code, you would see it. Now, a question for you: what do you see as the difference between classes and structs, since you're making the transition. What do you want to know about static members and copy constructors? Incidentally, have you tried looking for explanations via Google? A hit gives you immediate answers. It works well for tutorial material. The kinds of problems you might have with specific code that you write is another story, since it's often a problem specific to you. Forums are great for that. __________________ Abstraction doesn't make it impossible to write bad code; it makes it possible to write superior code. Contributor's Corner: Grumpy on C++ Exceptions DaWei on Pointers

Nov 29th, 2006, 1:44 AM	#4
aznballerlee Hobbyist Programmer Join Date: Nov 2006 Posts: 111 Rep Power: 3	Can someone explain how the 'implicitly pass variables' work in the code that I had? That's the idea I don't understand the most. Also, in class, we don't use the (Toggle Plain Text) this pointer this pointer unless we have pointers? Is that right?

Nov 29th, 2006, 6:46 AM	#5
grumpy Programming Guru Join Date: Jun 2005 Location: Adelaide, South Australia Posts: 1,318 Rep Power: 5	Every time a non-static member function is called, it receives a "this" pointer. You, the programmer, don't have to do that because the compiler takes care of the work of ensuring that. This is said to be an implicitly passed data, because the compiler does it for you, and it is not necessary for your code to explicitly pass data to a member function identifying the object being acted on. The "this" pointer can be used in any non-static member function, because the compiler always implicitly passes it. For example; (Toggle Plain Text) struct X { X(); void func(); } void X::func() { // examine the this pointer } int main() { X x; X y; x.func(); // the "this" pointer in func() will be the address of x (&x) y.func(); // the "this" pointer in func() will be the address of y (&y) } struct X { X(); void func(); } void X::func() { // examine the this pointer } int main() { X x; X y; x.func(); // the "this" pointer in func() will be the address of x (&x) y.func(); // the "this" pointer in func() will be the address of y (&y) } The physical mechanism by which the compiler passes the this pointer is compiler dependent.

Nov 30th, 2006, 4:08 AM	#6
bl00dninja Programming Guru Join Date: Oct 2004 Location: namespace std Posts: 1,246 Rep Power: 6	i talk you talk bill talks we are all objects. you, me, and bill. if for some crazy reason we wanted to know WHO was talking at the time we would simply refer to the "this" pointer. or if we wanted to do something to the conversationalist. talk is a function, called by an object. when we want to refer to the "caller" of the function, we use "this", b/c oftentimes the caller is not explicitely stated as a function parameter. this way, we always have a way to reach him. "WHO SAID THAT!?!" well..."this" said it. most handy when overloading operators and such. if it doesn't make sense, study some more. try examples. __________________ i put on my robe and wizard hat... Have you ever heard of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates?...Morons.

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Programming Forums > Application Development > C++

This Pointer