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It isn't called "hardware programming", it's just logic design using hardware devices. You should be familiar with boolean algebra so that you can convert logic expressions back and forth, reduce them, etc. One can actually construct any logic expression with AND gates and a NOT function (or OR gates and a NOT function). Flip-flops can be made with those also, but the one's you buy are better because of internal handling of edges. You can get manufacturer's data sheets on all those things and on other things like keypads and generally find how you would hook them up to make them work. There are also tons of microprocessor applications that aren't PCs. Such systems are called "embedded systems" because they often don't even have user interfaces, per se. Examples are mail sorters, the controller for your automobile engine, a lot of telecommunication equipment, stuff like that. Embedded systems ARE programmed, mostly using assembly language or C. I've done a ton of them, including medical equipment. You don't mess around with sloppy programming in many such systems. You could kill someone by failing to check the status of the functions you use.
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